– Assessment of Donkeys (Equus Asinus) Experimentally Infected With Trypanosoma Brucei (Federe Isolate) and Treated With Homidium Chloride and Isometamidium Chloride –
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ABSTRACT
This study investigated the course of T. brucei (Federe isolate) experimental infection in donkeys and the therapeutic efficacy of two trypanocides against the infection.
Twenty-eight apparently healthy donkeys (Equus asinus) of equal sexes, aged between 8 – 9 months, were purchased from a livestock market in Maigatari town, Jigawa State and used for the study.
They were housed in a tick and fly-proof pen, and allowed to acclimatize for 4 weeks during which they were screened for presence of diseases, and were fed Imperata cylindrica grass, Andropogon gyanus hay, cereal bran and cotton seed cake with clean water and salt lick provided ad libitum.
Thereafter, they were assigned at random to 4 groups; A (Infected Homidium chloride-treated, n=8), B (Infected Isometamidium chloride-treated, n=8), C (Infected untreated/positive control, n=6) and D (uninfected untreated/negative control, n=6).
Groups A and B donkeys were further divided into subgroups A1 A2 and B1 B2, of 4 donkeys each, to represent treatments at acute (day 12) and chronic (day 24) phases of infection, respectively.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page – – – – – – – – –
Fly Leaf- – – – – – – – – – ii
Title Page- – – – – – – – – – iii
Declaration- – – – – – – – – – iv
Certification- – – – – – – – – – v
Dedication – – – – – – – – – vi
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – vii
Abstract – – – – – – – – – viii
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – xi
List of Tables – – – – – – – – xix
List of Figures – – – – – – – – – xx
List of Plates- – – – – – – – – – xxii
List of Appendices – – – – – – – – xxiii
Abbreviations – – – – – – – – – xxv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Research – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem- – – – – – 5
1.3 Justification for the Research – – – – – – 6
1.4 Aim of Research – – – – – – – – 8
1.5 Objectives of the study – – – – – – – 8
1.6 Research Questions – – – – – – – 9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The Donkey – – – – – – – – 10
2.1.1 Uses of donkeys in Nigeria – – – – – – 12
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Site/Location- – – – – – – 60
3.2 Experimental Animals – – – – – – – 60
3.2.1 Acquisition and transportation – – – – – – 60
3.2.1.1 Donkeys (Equus asinus)- – – – – – – 60
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.1 Observations at Pre-Infection Evaluation – – – – 78
4.2 General Appearance/Clinical Signs – – – – – 78
4.3 Pattern of Parasitaemia – – – – – – – 80
4.3.1 Post-infection parasitaemia- – – – – – – 80
4.3.2 Post-treatment parasitaemia – – – – – – 84
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 161
6.2 Recommendations – – – – – – – 163
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – 164
APPENDICES – – – – – – – – 204
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Research
Livestock farming/production forms a major component of the socio-economic system of most rural communities in African countries with the pastoralists and semi-pastoralists who inhabit the arid and semi-arid areas mostly dependent on livestock (Micheal et al., 2005).
These people are estimated to own approximately 50% of Africa’s livestock which is equivalent to about 225 million animals (de Leeuw et al., 1995).
Pastoralists are said to derive 50% of their food and income from their livestock (Msigwa and Mvena, 2014).
In addition to their use as food and income providers, livestock also play major social and cultural roles in pastoral communities, whereby ownership influences wealth status and decision-making power (Catley, 2002).
Thus, health care of this livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, horses, camels, donkeys, dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, guinea pigs, poultry birds) is of paramount importance for the sustenance of their economy and livelihood.
REFERENCES
Abd-Alla, A. M., Bergoin, M., Parker, A. G., Maniania, N. K., Vlak, J. M., Bourtzis, K., Boucias, D. G. and Aksoy, S. (2013). Improving Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for tsetse flies through research on their symbionts and pathogens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 112(1): S2-S10.
Abenga, J. N. (2014). A Comparative Pathology of Trypanosoma brucei infections: A review. Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Science, 3(12): 390-399.
Abenga, J. N. and Lawal, I. A. (2005). Implicating roles of animal reservoir hosts in the resurgence of Gambian trypanosomosis (Sleeping Sickness). African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(2): 134-137.
Adams, E. R., Hamilton, P. B., Malele, I. I. and Gibson, W. C. (2008). The identification, diversity and prevalence of trypanosomes in field caught tsetse in Tanzania using ITS-1 primers and fluorescent fragment length barcoding. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 8(4): 439-444.
Adamu S., Barde, N., Abenga, J. N., Useh, N. M., Ibrahim, N. D. G. and Esievo, K. A. N. (2009). Experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection–induced changes in the serum profiles of lipids and cholesterol and the clinical implications in pigs. Journal of Cell Animal Biology, 3: 15-20.
Adamu, U. O., Haruna, M. K., Ovbagbedia, R. P., Bizi, R., Benjamin, W., Malala, U. A., Nwezor, F. N. C. and Muhammed, M. (2011). Control of African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: Time to Strengthening Integrated Approaches (A Review). International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 3(3): 138-143.