A REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT AN AGRICULTURAL FARM FIRM (SIWES PROGRAM)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION OF SIWES

In an attempt to bridge the gap existing between theory and practice of agriculture, medical, engineering and technology, sciences and other professional educational programmes in the Nigeria tertiary institution, the student industrial work experience [SIWES] which is an accepted skills training programme, that forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in the various degree programme for all the Nigerian tertiary institution was established.

It is aimed at exposing students to machines and equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries and other orgernization. Its minimum duration is normally 24 weeks, except for engineering and technology programmes where the minimum duration is 40 weeks.   Objectives of SWISS 1-provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian universities to acquire industrial skill and experience in their course of study. 2-prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. 3-expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in the universities.4-practice students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work situation, there by bridging the gap between university work and actual practices.

HISTORY OF ROYAL FARMS INVESTMENT NIGERIA LTD.

Royal Farms Investment Nigeria Limited was established in the year 2002, by a famous Nigerian Citizen, in the person of Mr. Sunday Nwatarali, a native of Olo, in Ezeagu Local Government Area, in Enugu State, Nigeria.

The farm has Two 2 Major departments, Namely livestock department which consist of poultry, goat/sheep piggery, snailing, fishery, while the second one is crop department which consist of pineapple orchard, plantain/banana plantation, Orange orchard.

Likewise, it has a feed mill processing unit and large hectares of lands for other crop production and animal grazing. The Farm Site Was Located at Emmanuel Town, Ugwuomu, Emene, Nike, Along Upperroom, Road, Enugu State.

The main objectives for establishing the farm are;

(a)       To promote and solve the problem of unemployment in Enugu state and in Nigeria at large.

(b)       To boost the Economic revenue of the state and otherwise.

(c)       To Train and Educate young graduates and under-graduates in the state and Nigeria at large. i.e As a training centre.

(d)       To provide excess Agricultural products for the general public.

(e)       TO reduce food scarcity in the state and Nigeria at large.

(f)        To promote food security for the general populace.

            From the organisation and already established protocol initially, works start by 7.00 am and the break time is 11.00am. by 12.00 pm afternoon section starts and ends by 2.00 – 2.30pm, while the evening section starts and ends at 5.00-5.30pm.

            All these are achieve through the help of the supervisors,farm manager and outstanding rules and regulation.

            To these end, the farm has be ABLE to achieve some of it objectives.

ORGANIGRAM

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ROYAL FARM NIG. LTD

CHAPTER TWO

VERSATILITY OF EXPERIENCES CLASSLESS OF LIVESTOCK’S

The classes of livestock are

a.         Poultry

b.         Piggery

c.         Rabbitry

d.         Pets (dogs)

POULTRY UNIT

Poultry are group of farm animals of avian species. They are warm blooded animals, peatheres, viviparous (viviparity), which has a hollow and keel bones, they wings are used for flight and limbs for locomotion (movement). This group of domestic birds are raised primarily for eggs and meat production, for family usage and marketing poultry includes chicken (domestic fow(i.e. broiler or layers). Turkey, ducks, pigeon, guinea fowl, greese ducks e.t.c some of these birds are with comb and wattle, poultry do not urinate except the ostrich which is the biggest poultry species. They excretes are called droppings which combine uric acid and feaces poultry are simple stomach animals i.e monogastril animals.

Poultry management

Birds are managed under three 3 major management units.

1.         Intensive system

2.         Semi-intensive system

3.         Extensive system

Intensive system

            These is the system by which the birds are totally confirmed in a particular housing unit. They movement are restricted to a limited. But all the necessary essential requirement are provided for effectiveness.

            These is done to avoid card wastage and promote proper planning and management.

            These system is divided into two forms

(a)       The battery cage system

(b)       Deep litter system

Battery cage system

These is a system in which birds are kept in a particular cage within a large controlled environment, where feed and water are available.

They dropping fall either in the below floor (belt) or on the floor. These excretes are removed manually or automatically depending which ever. They eggs that are land roll scopes gently into the cradle, for collection. These system is mostly for egg production.

Advantages

1.         Wastage of feed is restricted

2.         Birds consume feeds they for lipid growth and development.

3.         It gives room for adequate and accurate record keeping.

4.         Unproductive, sick birds are easily identified and culled.

5.         Easy management

6.         Labour can be conserved

7.         The exhibition of vice habits to greatly reduced.

Disadvantages

1.         It is capital intensive

2.         It’s not suitable for broiler production

3.         They may be incidence of cage fatigue, due to continues restricted movement.

Deep litter system

This is a system where by birds are housed in a single large building with litter materials such as wood shaving, saw dust etc three floor with contains the litter material provides protection for the birds form cold and excessive heat, because of it insulating property. However, the litters are usually change occasionally depending on the nature, so as to prevent disease outbreak and pest.

Advantages

1.         It’s suitable for all stages and classes of poultry.

2.         They are free movement of the birds

3.         It is most suitable of r broiler production and breeding.

4.         The litter material acts as a source of animal protein factor (APF), which enhances growth.

5.         It is less capital intensive than buttery cage.

Disadvantages

1.         They is rapid increase of vice outbreak

2.         Difficulty in culling productive sick birds, vis via sa.

3.         Feed wastage is witnessed

4.         Disease outbreak is very important.

5.         Litter management is poor that will lead to disease out

break

SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

This system involves the combination of intensive and extensive system in marriage merit of birds. They are provided with housing, it is suitable force areas where land supply is limited and it requires some forms of pasture management.

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

            This is referred to as the traditional or free-range system it involves free ranging during the day and sheltering during the night, egg incubation is naturally and they output production is low. The poultry unit in Royal farms investment Nigeria limited investment Nigeria limited is under intensive system, which is basely on deep litter system.

            The poultry unit of the farm comprises five 5 different poultry farms and each contains three 3 different pens houses and brooder house.

HOUSING

            Poultry Housing are constructed so as to meet the environmental condition of the birds. The body tempt of birds vary form 40. 6⁰C-41.8⁰c, when this is alter altered, it will lead to mortality of some border. A good housing system is provided for the birds for maximum output.

(a)       The house is made up of concrete, roof of asbestores, floor of concrete.

b.         The housing should be on a flat land to avoid erosion and excess sunlight.

c.         The birds should be in pens

d.         The walls are about 3-4 ft on the sides for easy ventilation and the remaining covered with expanded metals, nets which prevent the interest of insects rat, lizards etc.

e.         They are nylon at side of the walls and door for control measure during brooding.

f.          They are also a functioning food deep and wash hand basin at the wall side which contained disinfectant at the entrance of each pen house.

The dropping are regularly cleaned due to needs.

Feeding

1.         They are fed daily

2.         Their Feeds and waters are served in the feeders and

drinkers respectively

3.         They were fed with marsh.

For broilers

(a)       day 1  – 5 weeks       =          super starter

(b)       5 Week           –  8 wks          =          finisher(broiler

For pullets

(a)       Week 1           –  8 wks          =          chicks master (super starter

(b)       Weeks 8         –           18 weeks        =          Growers (Mash)

(c)       Week 18        –           above             =          layers mash

VACCINATION

Each farm designs it’s own vaccination program based on the prevalent environmental condition of the area in particular.

            The vaccination program of royal farms investment Nigeria limited is united below.

Vaccination programme for broiler production

VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR PULLETS

Note; Vaccinate lasota every 3-4 weeks as a follow up.

EGG COLLECTION

Eggs are been collected in the morning hours after feeding the birds and in the afternoon/ evening after the second feeding.

SORTING/GRADING

The eggs collected are be sorted, the crack and small size are kept separate in different create while the normal size are don’t have crack and kept separate on different create for proper identification based on market purposes and specification.

MAJOR DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON POULTRY

a.         Picking out the dead chicks and conducting post-

mortem test.

b.         Proper farm record keeping.

c.         Provision of feeds and water to the feeders and

drinkers respectively

d.         Washing of the drinker and cleaning the feeders.

e.         General observation of the birds, screening and

isolation.        Cleaning of litter material if need arises.

PREPARATION OF BROODER HOUSE

1.         Remove all equipment feeders, drinks etc and allow them to be in the sum for few days

2.         Remove old litres and manure

3.         Remove cobweb and dust on the sides of the wall and

roof.

4.         Wash the house thoroughly

5.         Cover the house with jute bag or cement bag or nylon

6.         Spread dry wood shaving on the floor with thickness or

about 5 cm

7.         Disinfect with strong disinterment and fumigate.

Receiving day old chicks

1.         The brooder house should be pre-heated to a tempt of about 30⁰C most especially in cold weather

2.         The drinkers filled with water containing glucose properly positioned.

3.         On arrival, birds should be allowed, counted for accurate recording, and placed near the source of water.

4.         The birds should be allowed to drink water for at least 2 hours before feeding. Monitoring starts, if the chick distributes evenly when best is sufficient, if is they run off the heater, if means it too high, but if they curdle around the source of heat, it mean insufficient heat. Heat is provided until they get feathered.

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

DISEASES: These is partial or total departure from a normal state of health. Which can be caused by microbiological organism like, bacteria, virus, protozoa, e.t.c. parasitic (external and internal) fungi, nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition’s.

Poultry disease may include;

New castle decease

Causal organism       –           virus

That is survives in litter and dead birds for months

Transmission

ND virus can be found in feaces and respiratory discharges. It is transmitted between farms by contaminated equipment, peoples, air, infected wild birds, improperly cleaned house and dead birds are potent of ND virus.

AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED

All age group are susceptible. It affects chickens and turkeys predominantly but peafowl’s, guinea fowls, quails, pigeons, ducks, geese, Ostrich and wild and caged birds are also susceptible.

Clinical signs

Mortality is very high, there is depression, anorexia, prostration respiratory signs e.g laboured breathing, coughing and gasping and nervous signs such as in-coordination, paralysis, of legs and wings, circling, backward movement., twisting of neck, stargazing and somersaulting in layers, reduce in egg production or completely crease  eggs laid may be soft shelled, rough, deformed or off colour.

GROSS LESIONS

Haemorrhages on the grandular surface of proventriculus

CONTROLS

Vaccination, maintenance of good hygiene, proper dispose of the dead birds, fumigation of poultry houses.

AVIAN POX

Causal organism- Fowl pox virus

Transmission

Infections occurs through wounds in the mouth, comb, wattles or sink, it introduced and disseminated by contact with infected bird pox virus can be transmitted in fowl ticks, lice.

AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED

            All ages are susceptible but it is seen mostly in birds or 5-12 months of age. It is been reported in chicken, turkeys and pigeons.

 CLINICAL SIGNS

The onset is gradual and it spreads slowly and outbreak may last many weeks

The disease occurs in dry (skin) and wet (mucous members membranes) form

DRY FORM: Presence of pox on unfeathered skin, comb, wattles, ear cubes, eye birds, corners of beaks, nostrils, neck and sometimes on the feet, les, vein, and under wings.

The lesions seen are papules (white modules) vesicles, pustules, scabs or papiloma like lesion, (grayish brown) when lesson are removed. They leave a raw surface mortality is low in uncomplicated cases.

WET FORM: Raised white to yellow patches (plaques) in the mouth, sinuses, nasal cavity, conjunctiva, pharynx, trachea, sides of tongue, roof of palates and esophagus. Lesions may prevent feeding or occlude the larynx causing suffocation,. Mortality is higher in this form of pox, up to 50%

GROSS LESIONS

Small papules on the conjunetiva, Oesophagus, nostril’s, largnx and tracheae, seollen kidney. With millary nodules.

Controls

Vaccination. Isolation of the diseased birds for treatment

COCCIDIOSIS

Causal Organism: ProtozoA called eimiria spp.

(Coccidia).

Transmission

Feaces and litter continuous speculated coccidian oocysts oocysts are the main source of infection.

AGE AND SPECIES AFFECTED

Clinical sings

Decreased feed consumption, as egg production. Bloody diarrhea, ruffled leathers, weaknes, depression, listlessness Hurdling, los of weight, paleness of comb, shanks, beaks and skin. Mortality is up to 50% in birds.

Control

Use of drugs like emprolium.etc.

PIGGERY UNIT

Pig belongs to the

Kingdom        –           AnimeLia

Phylum           –           Chordata

Lass                –           Mammalian

Order  –           Artiadactyla

Family            –           Suidae

Genus – Sus

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS

Pigs are more prolific among the domestic animals, the they can produce 6-18 piglets in every litters. The piglet are fast growing depending on the feeding and quality of feed given, attaining slaughtering weigh of about 68kg within 6-8 months.

            Pig produces meat that is different form the flesh of all other farm animals in texture flavour and certain nutritive properties, as well as having a very thick layer of which has found some flavour in human diet part from that of the daily cattle.

            Pigs are efficient utilizes of concentrate feeds, converting them into human food (meat) the capacity of pig to convert large quantities of concentrate feeds and some other waste products form the household into edible human food (meat) which has brought them into prominence in many parts of the world, particularly in the corn-belt of the united states and other parts of the world where excess grains are producers they are poor utilizes of roughages, due to they small digestive tract.

            Pigs are highly susceptible to diseases resulting form parasitic organism, bacteria, virus e.tc. Which may cause heavy losses. Precaution measures must be taken, to come to an aid.

Breeds of pigs in royal farms

–           Large white

–           Land race

–           Cross breeds.

PIG FEEDS

1.         Palm kernel cake      PKC

2.         Brewers dry grain.

3.         Cassava tuber meal

4.         Cassava peel meal

5.         Soya beans meal

6.         blood meal

7.         Bone meal-    mature adult male pig

8.         Potatoes leaves

9.         Paw-paw leaves

10.       Bambra nut

11.       Salt

PIG MANAGEMENT

Pig is kind of animal that needs

–           Pig needs monitoring for effectiveness and efficiency. It routine method of feed drug must be maintain to avoid vices and weight loss. If it is fed 2 time or once per day, that method must be maintained and followed accordingly.

            A newly farrow sow, use to be aggressive and care be applied in handling her before the bring out the piglet outside for treatment, you must drop feed for the sow to be feeding (eating) for her to have a relax mind. They is kind of peering by touching the ear, back and becoming whistle for it to relax and be friendly.

HANDLING PIGLETS

The piglets are handled with absolute care, to avoid injury during vaccination at the early state

MATTING

            Male pigs between 10-12 months of age when sow or (gilts) show sings of heat period,(oestrus) which areas every 21 days the sow will be brough out from it pen. Put into the boards pen for service, but not the other way round. The service usually last for 5-7 day depending.

            After the servicing into her own pen for the gestation period. It is usually done early in the morning or evening. Do not use too heavy boar on light gilts.

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION

After the service by the boar, the sow will show some changes physiologically, the abdomen will start increasing in size and the skin out look will be grossy and shiny and increase in weight gain. the feeding pattern changes.

            It draws for attention the feeding and water for calling must be maintained regularly green vegetable should be given for energy. When signs of parturition (farrowing) is noticed, the farrowing pen is prepared and get ready before them for he pregnant sow. For the safety of the sow and it piglets. The gestation period is (115day) or 333).

WEANING OF PIGLETS

These is the process of separating the piglets from the sow or sow from the piglet. It is done either of the way.

(a)       Bring out the sow form the pen and leant the piglets.

(b)       Brining out the piglet and left the sow in the pen weaning is usually done 8 weeks depending on the weight and size and health condition.

Daily routine activities on piggery

1.         sanitation an disinfection of the pens

2.         scrapping off the feaces and tiding of the pen, for

3.         general screaning and observation of the pigs, piglets and growers (monitoring)

4.         Mixing of the feeds and serving them.

5.         Provision of water, in the water bath.

6.         Treatment of sick pigs

7.         Isolation of disease/weak pigs

8.         Record keeping

9.         Weaning and services.       

CARING FOR THE SOW AND PIGLETS BEFORE AND AFTER FARROWING

1.         Proper feeding of the sow

2.         Sanitation of the sows pen and general body

3.         Cleaning and disinfection o f the farrowing pen

4.         Do not disturb the sow during parturition.

5.         Creep feeding

6.         Castration: It is between 2-4 week  of age depending.

7.         Weaning; it is between 6- 8 weeks old, defending

8.         Fattening

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

1.         Manage

–           speeding of manage is by direct contact

–           It affects pigs of all age

–           It causes rough skin

Signs

–           Redness of skin, with irritation and scratching

–           Disease also affects the inside of the ears.

Terminologies in piggery management

SOW               –           Adult female pig that has given birth

BOAR –           An Adult male pig

A/N HUG       –           Castrated male pig

GILT               –           A matured female pig that has

GILT               –           A young female pig of 3-10 months of age

that is not yet mated.

In-PIG-SOW  –           Pregnant sow

Castration      –           The surgical removal of the testicles

Farrowing                  –           the birth of a litter process of giving

birth)

Litter              –           Piglets farrowed together by one sow

Gestation                   –           the time from service to giving birth

(pregnancy period)

Heat Period   –           The period of estrus when the sow or

gilt will sow desire to be mated.

Service                       –           the Act of mating

Pure breed pigs-       Sow and boar of the same breed,

crossed to produce pure piglets. Landrace + landrace

Cross Breeding           –         The mating of two pigs of different

breed together to obtain a better offspring e.g largwhite + landrace.

PORK             –           Fresh pig meat

BACON                      –           Salted pig meat

PEN                            –           Closed housing where pigs are kept

LARD             –           Fat from pigs that is used in cooking

LAIR AGE                 –           The pens where pigs are kept before

slaughtering.

PIG CASTRATION

Castration: this is the surgical removal of a BOAR Testicle, depending on the breeder intention, for the growth of his farms.

Steps

1.         Washing the area (testicle) with disinfectant Water

2.         Sheaving the hairs on the testicle and surrounding region.

3.         Injection of Anesthesia on the Testis and around the TESTIS (NB massage follows allow for some minutes to distribute)

4.         Making incision on the testicle sac (when the testicle ball is out, you will SCRUB the testicle tube to control bleeding.

5.         Knotting with the chromic catcut the on the tube below the testicle ball two times(2x).

6.         Proper cutting of the testicle ball, below the two knot Tie on the tube

7.         Washing the scrotum sac with the disinfectant water

8.         Injection of antibiotics

9.         Wound dressing with potassium solution

Castration kits

(a)       surgical blade (2) forceP (3) chromic cat cut

RABBITRY UNIT

Scientific classification

Kingdom                    –           animals

Super phyhum          –           chordate

Phyhum                      –           vertebrate

Class               –           mammaliam

Order              –           lagomorpha

Family                        –           laproidae

Genera                       –           pentalagus, bunolagus, Nrsolagus,

branchylagus, syloilagus, orcytolagus, poelagus

Rabbits are small mammals and non-ruminate that exit a unique feature called coprophagy which is the act or consuming fecal-like pallet produced in the caecum. It is a normal behavioral pattern for rabbits. They excrete two types so feaces, the hard feaces or day feces, which are produced in the large intestine are the feacal pallets normal seen.

The faecal/feaces that are consumes through COPRO coprophgy are the sort or night feaces, which is produced in the caecum they are consumed directly form the anus. They are excreted in grapelike clusters, surrounded by a gelatinous membrane.

TERMINOLOGIES IN RABBIT MANAGEMENT

DUCK            –           Adult male

DOE                –           Adult female

Kitten             –           young rabbit

Litter  –           Female with young ones or all the young

ones produced at the same time by one doe.

Hutches:        –           Hones of rabbits or pen in which rabbit lives.

TERMINOLOGIES

SUCKLINGS –           Feeding of young ones on the mothers

breast milk

DAM                          –           the mother of a set of young rabbit

SIRE                           –           The father of a set of rabbits

FOSTERING  –           Act of using a doe other than the dam to

nurse and develop young ones.

Kindling                     –           Act of giving birth

EQUIPMENT USED IN THE RABBITRY

Nest box                    –           For kindling

Feeding trough-        for feeding

Water trough -for drinking water

Weight scale

 Breeds of rabbits

CALIFORNIAN

Characteristic

a.         originated form united state

b.         the furs are purely white

c.         It hers an lilac or blue, red eyes

d.         Its black patches on the tails, nose, leg, ear.

Chinchilla

Characteristic

a.         the furs are purely blAck

RABBIT MANAGEMENT

            Rabbits are been handle with care and caution, they vary, in temperament and responds kindly to a special treatment (Petting)

            Some of them when behave strange (foreign) you were to lead meaning into that. Like a doe that is fairly aggressive for a few days before kindling shows that she is ever ready and alert to protect her kitten that is yet to be kindling.

            When entering the rabitery, you have to shot the quietly, to avoid frightening the animal and not to inflect injury on the them.

HANDLING RABBITS

They are a special to handle these animals

*          They are lofted by grasping the loin gently but firmly with the heel of hand toward the toil of the rabbit.

Matting

During mating, the doe was taken into the bucks hutch for mating but not the other way round or vis via sia.

            If the doe is on heat (Oestrus) (Oestrus) and for service and the buck is active, definitely mating occurs immediately. When mating is completed by the buck, the buck might fall over on his side or give a paint cry.

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION OF RABBIT

            After mating a doe, an increase in the weight after 2 weeks of mating signifies pregnancy but is not the end of the story or the factor to base efficacy, after two weeks of mating, palpation of the abdomen or feeling the development of the young one sin the uterus with the thumb world for fingers is the accurate and quick method for determination or pregnancy.

            The doe was seen pulling her furs, in the preparation for her kindling, the gestation period of rabbit is 28 days. at kindling she needs no disturbing, the due likes and nurses it after kindling and pull more furs to protect them kittens.

Weaning of Rabbit

–           These is a process of separating the doe form it’s kittens for developing, it is usually done between 4-8 weeks after kindling depending on they weights.

DAIRY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON RABBITRY

1.         Providing of foods on feeding

2.         Supplying the water on the drinkers

3.         General screening and observation

4.         Cleaning of the rabbit pen and their tough

5.         Drugs administration

6.         Weighting of the rabbits and records

RABBIT FEEDS

1.         Potatoes leaves

2.         Elephant grass

3.         Centros

4.         Pellated Broiler punisher (i.e concentrates)

DOGS

Scientific classification

Kingdom        –           Animalia

Phylum           –           Chordata

Class   –           Mammalia

Order  –           Carnivora

Family            –           Canidae

Genus –           Canis

Species           –           C.Lupus

Subspecies-   C.I. famillaris

DOG   TERMINOLOGY

Dog                 –           Male of all canine specie

Bitch               –           Female of the canine spp.

PUPS or Puppies       –           Young offspring of canine spp.

Litter                          –           A group of offspring of Bitch

Sire                                         –           The further of a litter

DAM                                      –           The mother of the litter

Whelping                               –           The process of birth or delivering.

DOG MANAGEMENT/TRAINING

DOG MANAGEMENT

Dog is a pet animal, it needs a special caring. Attention,  should BE draw when foreign behaviour or abnormality is witnessed for quick treatment.

            They feeding routine must be maintain for fast growth and development and to develop immune system. The puppies are fed 2 times per day while the adult is once per day. They behaviours should be note when the are free, any malfunction, you treat the dog against these disease outbreak BASE ON DIAGNOSIS.

            Vaccination is annually and deworming is Regularly.

DOGS included in human activities in terms of helping out human, are usually called working dog, dogs or several breeds are  considered as working dogs.

Some working dogs include(rottweiller, Bullmastiff, Alsatian e.t.c).

Dogs has been a man friend from the on set of the early men. They helps men in hunting, protection, survey, security, etc.

Dog training: these involves teaching your dogs something that can be served as working on basic commends or some things more difficult like navigating an agility course.

            The following are some of training given.

–           Basic command like, sit down, come here, stop they, come, go, keep quiet, stop jumping etc.

DOG DISEASE AND MANAGEMENT

DISEASE:  This is an out break or sudden change        in normal body function OF AN ANIMAL, which can be cause by virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, malnutrition e.t.c.

A.        RABBIES

Causal organism       –           virus

Mode of transmission          –           dog bite

Controls         –           vaccination

Annually

But if bite by a carrier dog.

Preventive measures

–           Wash effected place with water.

–           Human vaccination of ATS for 5 dosage.

2.         cryptosporidium infection caused by parasite

Cryptosporidium parvum

Signs

Severe gastro intestinal System including watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, & vomiting.

Control measures

–           After contact with animal feaces, wash your hands with soap.

Administer a strong

Antibiotics to the dogs either orally or otherwise.

3.         CANINE PARVOVIRUS: It’s a fatal gastrointestinal infection that affect puppies, causal organism – virus, transmission mode – feaces material.

SIGNS

Intestinal forms: Are severe vomiting and dysentery

Cardiac forms:  Causes respiratory or cardiovascular failure in young puppies.

Treatment

Vaccination, N/B mortality can reach 91% in untreated cease.

4.         MANGE:  These is a skin infection caused by parasitic mites

TYPES:

–           Sarcoptic Mange

–           Demodectic mange

Treatment

–           Scrapping the affected place with small hand saw to create a wound small wound or opening.

–           Application of Benzyl benzonate syrup on the affected area.

–           Injection of ivermectine.

5.         Ticks:  These are small arachnid in the other ixodida alongside with mite. They are parasitic organism that sucks blood from the host which will give rise to many tick borne diseases like lyme disease, etc.

Prevention/Control

–           keep the dog cage neat

–           Disinfect the dog cage regularly

–           wash the dogs regularly with soap and shampoo.

Controls

–           Topical application of ticks powder regularly e.g. kezi vet powder, petraz oil, pour on, methylcol, diazenol.

BREED OF DOGS

1.         Rottweiller

2.         Bull mastiff

3.         Alsatian

4.         Cocetian

               DOG BREEDING /MATING.

When you noticed sign of heat period on the Bitch, you will monitor it and count form the 1^st heat to the 7^th heat, you cross the birth with a well matured male dog.

            The crossing Last for a week, after the 1^st cross give gap for 2 days and repeat THE crossing, after give space for 3 day and cross again.

            After the crossing the feeding should be improve  and be of high delicacy to help support the growth or the puppies in the uterus.

            The gestation period last for 2 months and 2 weeks i.e 63 days.

            The female dog i.e bitch must show signs of heat for the copulation to work heat period can be determined by blood or viscous discharge from the vulva and reddish, swollen of the vulva i.e visible appearance of the vulvular swelling.

            A selected male dog specie that is desired is used for the crossing. The male Dog to be used for the crossing should be healthy and free from any infection or diseases so to say, like wise the bitch should be on a healthy state so that effective fertilization, gestation period and whelping will occur for effective survival of the puppies after whelping and when growing up.

Classification and Standards

Dog breeding are base on;

1.         Coat

2.         Colour

3.         Health concerns

4.         Litter size

5.         Maximum height

6.         Maximum weight

7.         Maximum life span

8.         Temperament, origin etc

Examples;

1.         Rottweiller vs bull mastiff

2.         Alsatian vs cocatian

3.         Boxer vs bull terrier

4.         Boxer vs bull dog

5.         Boxer vs Doberman

WEANING of puppies

Puppies  are wean after 4 weeks of old depending on needs.

            That is been done by separating the puppies form the bitch.

HANDLING PUPPIES

            The puppies are been properly attention and care for because exposure to foreign bodies or diseases or stress may lead to the death.

            When they are been carried, a proper measure has to be applied to avoid injury, stress. Avoid stress, because at that stage is a critical stage to the puppies.

            They are been vaccinated regularly to boost their immune system and also dewormed.

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION

When the crossing (mating) of the bitch is completed between 2-3 weeks, they will be an increase in weight, size of abdomen, enlargement of breast , change in feeding.

            When palpated on the abdomen, you will feel the development of the young one in the uterus with your thumbs and forefingers.

            Attention is also needed, if they is any malfunction, you treat base on diagnosis.

DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON DOGS.

1.         Provision of feed/water

2.         Proper examination of the dogs

3.         Cleaning of the dog cage

4.         record keeping of the treatments/vaccinations.

x.         Administration of drugs (if any need arises)

EAR CROPPING IN DOGS

These is the surgical removal of a portion of a dogs ear to make it stand erect. It’s a cosmetic surgery done on some breeds of dogs like cocatian breed. Its done within 1-2 weeks of age.

STEPS

1.         Wash the ear with disinfectant water.

2.         Injection of local anaesthesia on the ear pinne and massage and allow for some in minutes.

3.         Use forcep to hold the ear pinne base on the length you wants to cut.

4.         Use chromic cat Cut to make a knot and cut after the KNOT to control bleeding and fast healing.

5.         Application of iodine, potassium per magnate solution on the  ear. (i.e wound dressing)

6.         Injection of antibiotic.

TAIL DOCKING IN DOGS

These is the surgical removal of a portion of a dogs tails to make it stand erect. It is a cosmetic surgery done in dogs BREEDS especially rottweiller, bull mastiff etc it is done within 2-4 weeks of age.

STEPS

1.         Wash the Tail with disinfectant  water

2.         Sheave the tail region, you want to cut.

3.         Administer local Anaesthesia within the regions to cut and massage and leave for some minutes.

4.         Put rubber band at the edge of the tail, to control bleeding.

5.         Making an incision an the tail (i.e a v. cut)

6.         Using chromic catcut to stitch knot the tail coccygeal vertebrate.

7.         Proper cutting of the tail

8.         Stitching the skin with chromic catcut.

9.         Wound dressing with potassium solution.

10.       Injection of antibiotics,

Fallow –up- ATT

DOG FEED

1.         Dog biscuits

2.         Milk, chickens

3.         Soya miLK

4.         Okpa

5.         Jolof Rice

6.         Mixture of milk + Dog Biscuit ETC.

CHAPTER THREE

RECOMMENDATIONS

            Royal farms investment Nigeria limited, is one of the line up list of farms in Enugu State where students in the faculty of Agriculture can go and acquire practical industrial skills during students industrial training, to build up some practical skills and bridge the gap between theory and practical.

CONCLUSION

            My students industrial training in Royal Farms investment Nigeria Limited has equipped and exposed me to various practical, field work, and bridged the gap between theories will discuss in lecture classes and real practical in animal production and management.

REFERENCES

Gefu, J.O., Adeyinka, I.A. and Sekoni (eds) 2002, Poultry Production Nigeria.

Grant, E. M. (1985) Raising small Animals.

Harbana of Signh (1980) Livestock and Poultry Production.

Mammals species of the world, canis lupus famillaris, Bucknell.edu, 2005.

Yejide, Adunola O. (2007) A practical Guide to pig rearing.