– Community Participation in The Management of Kamuku National Park, Birnin Gwari Lga, Kaduna State, Nigeria –
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ABSTRACT
This study assessed the effectiveness of in the management of Kamuku National Park Kaduna.
Nine (9) communities around the park were purposefully selected for questionnaire administration to its members as well as focus group discussion and interview with key informants were also conducted.
A sample size of 370 was used and analyzed descriptively as well as results presented in tables, bar charts and pie chart.
From the result it was found out that vigilante and ex-hunters clubs represented by 52.2% was the predominant community association around the park, followed by student conservation clubs with 26.2%.
Among the community’s contribution to the park management is the provision of information on the movement of poachers (50%), serving as recruited informants (15%), touring guide (20%) and conflicts resolution between the management of the park and members of the community with 15%.
The communities identified the following as in park management less recognition (31.9%), low awareness (27.3%), low interest (20.1%), and inadequate manpower (18.1%) among others.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE…………………….i
DECLARATION………………ii
CERTIFICATION…………….iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………..v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …..vii
LIST OF TABLES…………..x
LIST OF FIGURES …………..xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ………….xii
ABSTRACT…………………xiii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY …………………………………………………………………………………1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM …………………………………………………………….5
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY …………………………………………………………………….7
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY……………………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.5 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………………………………………..8
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………………………………………………………….10
2.2.1 Reserve Areas ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
2.2.2 Community Participation ………………………………………………………………………………………..11
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………………………..12
2.3.1 History and Origin of National Parks………………………………………………………………………..12
2.3.2 Essentials for the Establishment of National Parks and Equivalent Area……………………….13
2.3.3 Protected Areas in Nigeria ………………………………………………………………………………………14
2.3.4 Network of National Parks in Nigeria……………………………………………………………………….14
2.3.5 Comparative Ecotourism Experiences of Selected Countries……………………………………….16
2.3.6 History of Kamuku National Park…………………………………………………………………………….16
2.3.7 Roles of Community Participation for Conservation…………………………………………………..17
2.3.7.1 Understanding Engagement ………………………………………………………………………………….24
2.3.7.2 Barriers to Engagement with Nature………………………………………………………………………25
2.3.8 Participation in the UK …………………………………………………………………………………………..26
CHAPTER THREE: THE STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
3.2 THE STUDY AREA…………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
3.2.1 Location and Size…………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
3.2.3 Climate…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………31
3.2.4 Topography and Drainage……………………………………………………………………………………….31
3.2.5 Geology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
3.2.6 Soils and Vegetation ………………………………………………………………………………………………32
3.2.7 Population and Socio-economic Activities………………………………………………………………..32
3.2.7 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..32
3.3 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………33
3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey…………………………………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.2 Types of Data Required ………………………………………………………………………………………….33
3.3.3 Sources of Data ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.3.1 Primary Source …………………………………………………………………………………………………..33
3.3.3.2 Secondary Source………………………………………………………………………………………………..34
3.3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique………………………………………………………………………34
3.3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………..35
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36
4.2 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents……………………………………36
4.2.1 The Age, Gender and Educational Background of Respondents…………………………………..36
4.2.2 Occupation of Communities around the Park …………………………………………………………….37
4.3 The Various Categories of Community Association around Kamuku National Park……………..38
4.3.1 Types of Community Association around the Park …………………………………………………….38
4.4 Contribution of Community Association in the Management of Kamuku National park ……39
4.4.2 Effect of Communities contribution in the management of Kamuku National Park ………..40
4.5.4 Conducting of Conservation Programs around Communities……………………………………….44
4.5.5 Means of Conducting Conservation Education Programs around Communities……….45
4.5.6 Means of Rewarding Communities by the Park …………………………………………………………46
4.5.1 Challenges Facing Communities in the Management of Kamuku National Park………47
4.5.2 Limitation of Communities Association in the Management of Kamuku Park ……………….48
4.5.3 Major Threats Considered by the Communities in the Park Management ……………….49
4.5.4 Communities Feeling on Park Response to their Efforts in Park Management……………….50
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….52
5.3 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………52
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………..54
INTRODUCTION
In 1968, Nigeria signed the new African Convention for the and Natural Resources together with 37 other African nations (Happold, 1987).
All these developments gave rise to the formation of protected areas such as Forest and Game Reserves in Nigeria from which the present generation of National Park System eventually emerged.
The in Nigeria is a very recent development (Marguba, 2002) when compared to some regions as North America, Western Europe, East and Southern Africa.
It began in 1979 when the military administration promulgated Decree 46 of 1979 (later Act 46 of 1979) established Kainji Lake National Park.
The 1979 law was repealed and replaced by Decree 36 of 1991, establishing five national parks including Kainji Lake (Marguba, 2002).
The other include Chad Basin, Cross River, Gashaka-Gumti and Old Oyo. By a special request of the Bauchi State Government, the Federal Executive Council approved the upgrading of Yankari to a National Park in August 1991.
REFERENCES
Abimbola, O.A., Lawal, M.S. & Adetola, J. (2011). Biodiversity and Community Participation in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria.
Adams, W.M. & Hulme, D. (2001). If Community Conservation is the Answer in Africa,What is the Question? Oryx, 35, 193-200
Ader, H.J., Kuik, D.J., Hoeksma, J. B. & Mellenbergh, G.J. (2002). Methodological Aspects of Statistical Modeling: Some New Perspective In Stasinopoulos, M. & Toulomi,G.(Eds).
Afolayan, T.A. (1977). Savanna Structure Burning and Grazing Regimes in Kainji Lake National Park, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
Ahn, H.W. (1978). Village Forestry in Korea. Paper Presented at the 8th World Forestry Congress, Jakanta, October 16-28.
Ajake, A.O. (1998). Women in Forest Resources use and Management in Akamkpa Local Government Area. Unpublished M.sc Thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria.