Effect of Need-Focused Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Programme on the Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy of Recidivist Inmates in the Prisons in Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of Need-Focused Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Programme (NEFCRIP) on the self-esteem and self-efficacy of recidivist inmates in the zone G of the Nigeria prison service. The design of the study was a post-test only control group design.
There were six research questions and six corresponding hypotheses raised to guide the study. The sample of the study was 74 recidivist inmates purposely selected from six prisons out of the 11 medium prisons in zone G with a total population of 105 recidivists.
The participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. Inmates in the experimental group received Need-Focused Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Programme (NEFCRIP).
The programme emphasized positive thinking and positive values, cognitive restructuring, coping skills and positive self-talk as strategies for building self-esteem and self-efficacy. The control group received a placebo-conventional counselling. Inmate’s Self-esteem (ISES) and Self-efficacy (ISEFS) scales were the instruments used for data collection.
Data were analyzed using means and standard deviations while ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses at .05 probability level. Results showed that, NEFCRIP had significant effect on the selfesteem and self-efficacy of recidivist inmates in Nigeria prisons.
The interaction between NEFCRIP and gender on self-esteem and self-efficacy of recidivist was not significant. It was concluded among others that Need-focused cognitive restructuring intervention programme (NEFCRIP) significantly is an effective cognitive based intervention programme that can be used to treat low self-esteem and low self-efficacy prevalent among recidivist inmates.
Based on the findings, it was recommended that psychological services/counselling that is cognitive based should be set up as a regular programme in the Nigeria prisons.
Workshops and seminars should be organized by the Ministry of Interior for the training of welfare officers some of whom are not trained psychologists or counsellors on how to use NEFCRIP in the prisons to improve the low self-esteem and self-efficacy of recidivist inmates.
Need-focused cognitive restructuring intervention programme should form part of the counselling programmes for the inmates in Nigeria prison.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGES
TITLE PAGE I
CERTIFICATION II
APPROVAL III
DEDICATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES XI
LIST OF APPENDICES XII
ABSTRACT XIII
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 17
Purpose of the Study 19
Significance of the Study 19
Scope of the Study 23
Research Questions 24
Research Hypotheses 24
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 26
Conceptual Framework 26
Cognitive Restructuring 27
Need-focused Cognitive Restructuring 30
Self-esteem 33
Self-efficacy 38
Recidivism 44
Relationship among Cognitive restructuring, Need-focused cognitive restructuring,
Self-esteem, Self-efficacy and Recidivism 46
Theoretical Framework 47
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 47
Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (Self-efficacy) 49
Alfred Adler’s Psychodynamic Theory 51
Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapeutic Theory 53
Related Empirical Studies 58
Studies on Cognitive Restructuring 58
Studies on Self-esteem, Self-efficacy and Recidivism 64
Studies on Gender, Self-esteem, Self-efficacy and Recidivism 68
Summary of the Literature Reviewed 73
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD 76
Design of the Study 76
Area of the Study 77
Population of the Study 77
Sample and Sampling Technique 77
Instrument for Data Collection 78
Validation of the Instrument 79
Reliability of the Instrument 79
Development of the Training and Regular Counselling Programmes 79
Validation of the Training (NEFCRIP) and Regular Counselling Programmes 80
Trial Testing 80
Experimental Procedure 81
Control of the Extraneous Variables 82
Method of Data Analysis 83
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 84
Summary of Findings of the Study 90
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUMMARY 91
Discussions of Results 91
Conclusions 96
Educational Implications 97
Recommendations 99
Limitations of the Study 100
Suggestions for Further Research 100
Summary of the Study 101
REFERENCES 103
APPENDICES 113
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Prison is an institution where persons who violate the laws of a society are incarcerated for the offences committed when found guilty in the court of law or as they wait to go to court to determine their guilt. The Prisons are established to serve as corrective as well as reformatory institutions.
In Nigeria, the prison is charged with taking custody of those legally detained, identifying causes of their behaviour and retraining them to become useful citizens in the society (Orakwe, 2004).
Hence, the Nigerian Prison Service (NPS) was founded as an institution that corrects social deviants, punishes and reforms criminals. The NPS operates under the prison Act, number 9 of 1972 and serves to complement the processes of legal adjudicate and law enforcement (FGN, 1990: 3-5).
There are different categories of prisons and prison related institutions in Nigeria. They include, the convict prisons, satellite prison camps, farm centres, cottage industries, borstal institutions and open prison camps (NPS, 2014).
These prisons serve different purposes for the different categories of offenders: the convict prisons consist of medium and maximum security prisons and they are for the remand of both convicted and awaiting trial inmates.
REFERENCES
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Adler, A. (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings. Ansbacher, H.L. & Ansbacher, R.R. (Eds.). New York: Harper & Row.
Aderanti, R.A. & Hassan, T. (2011). Differential effectiveness of cognitive restructuring and self-management in the treatment of adolescents’ rebelliousness. The Romanian Journal for Psychology, Psychotherapy and Neuroscience. 1(1), 193-217
Ahlin, E.M. (2010). Investigating the relationship between micro and macro levels of efficacy and their effects on crime An unpublished doctoral thesis University of Maryland
Ahire, P.T. (2004). The Nigeria prison system: A Social History. A paper presented at the National Seminar on Prison Reform in Nigeria, Abuja FCT. Assessed on 22/03/2013from http://www.jsd africa.com/nigeria/convicts/and/prison/reform/ideals/tanimu.pdf
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