Determination of the True Metabolizable Energy of some Non-Conventional Agro-Industrial By-Products.
ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy of maize pap waste (MPW) and rice milling waste (RMW) using adult male broiler birds. Eighteen male adult broiler birds were used in the experiment.
Eight birds were assigned to each of the feedstuff with two birds left unfed which served as the negative control. Each of the samples was ground, made into slurry and force-fed to sixteen 10-week old finisher broiler birds that had been starved for 30 hours.
The droppings were collected quantitatively, dried and the gross energy was determined in a bomb calorimeter. The results show that the gross energy, apparent and true metabolizable energy of MPW (4.01, 2.60 and 3.03kcal/g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of RMW (2.94,
0.8 and 1.09kcal/g), respectively. Prior to the determination of the true metabolizable energy, two experiments were conducted concurrently to evaluate the effects of feeding graded levels of MPW and RMW on the performance of broiler birds.
A total of one hundred and forty-four 2-week old broiler birds with average weight of 330g were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% MPW and RMW, respectively.
The effect of treatments on the final body weight (FBW), average daily weight gain (DWG), average daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed cost per weight gain FC/WG, carcass quality and organ characteristics were determined.
Differences in DFI and ADG were not significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the FBW of broilers fed the 0, 10, 20 and 30% MPW (3520g, 3470g and 3500g, respectively) and RMW (3345g, 3329g, 3337g and 3330g, respectively) diets were found to be comparable (P>0.05) within the different groups.
However, feed cost per unit weight gain decreased significantly with increasing levels of MPW and RMW in the diets. The lower feed cost per kilogram meat produced on 30% MPW and RMW diets suggest that the wastes are economically viable alternative energy sources.
It was concluded that at up to the 30% inclusion level of MPW and RMW in the diets, FBW and FCR were not significantly affected (P>0.05). However, the financial return was positively affected (P<0.05) at this level.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page ………………………i
Certification ……………………..ii
Dedication…………………iii
Acknowledgement………………………iv
Table of contents ……………………..v
List of tables ………………………..viii
Abstract…………………………ix
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.1 Background……………………………….1
1.2 Statement of the problem………3
1.3 Objectives of the study………………4
1.4 Justification……………….4
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Metabolizable energy ………………………….6
2.1.1 Apparent metabolizable energy …………….8
2.1.2 True metabolizable energy …………………..8
2.2 Merits of true metabolizable energy assay ……10
2.3 Assumptions of metabolizable energy ………………….11
2.4 Sources of error in true metabolizable energy assay ………….12
2.5 Factors affecting metabolizable energy ………………….13
2.5.1 Species of birds ……………13
2.5.2 Age of birds ……..13
2.5.3 Sex of birds ……………14
2.5.4 Feed input ……….14
2.5.5 Pelleted and mashed diets ………………15
2.5.6 Acclimatization to change of diets …………15
2.5.7 Starvation period ………………..16
2.5.8 Nutrient deficiency ……………..16
2.5.9 Excreta collection period ……………..17
2.6 Endogenous energy losses ……………….17
2.7 Nitrogen retention ……………………18
2.8 Feedstuffs under investigation …………………19
2.8.1 Rice milling waste…………………….19
2.8.2 Maize pap waste ………………19
2.9 Feed conversion ratio ……………20
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and methods
3.1 Location ………………………………………22
3.2 Materials ………………………………………22
3.3 Experimental birds and management ……………………23
3.3.1 Experiment I…………………………………..24
3.3.2 Experiment II …………………………24
3.3.3 Experimental diets ………………25
3.4 Experimental procedure ……………………29
3.5 Excreta collection ……………….30
3.6 Gross energy determination……………………31
3.7 Nutrient retention study…………………………………32
3.8 Carcass and organ evaluation ………33
3.9.1 Data collection and parameters measured ………………33
3.9.2 Parameters calculated ………………33
3.10 Proximate analysis of the diets and excreta …………….35
3.11 Statistical analysis………….35
CHAPTER FOUR: Results and discussion
4.1 Results………………………37
4.1.1 Metabolizable energy contents of maize pap and rice milling waste………37
4.1.2 Growth performance of broilers fed graded levels of MPW………………38
4.1.3 Apparent nutrient retention of broilers fed graded levels of MPW……………39
4.1.4 Carcass and organ characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of MPW….39
4.1.5 Growth performance of broilers fed graded levels of RMW……………………..41
4.1.6 Apparent nutrient retention of broilers fed graded levels of RMW…………..42
4.1.7 Carcass and organ characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of RMW…..42
4.2 Discussion……………..44
4.2.1 Apparent metabolizable energy and true metabolizable energy……………44
4.2.2 Live weight gain…………………44
4.2.3 Feed intake…………………………45
4.2.4 Feed conversion ratio……………………45
4.2.5 Feed cost per weight gain……………..46
4.2.6 Proximate analysis……….47
4.2.7 Apparent nutrient retention……………..47
4.2.8 Carcass and organ evaluation…………48
CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Conclusion …………………………..49
5.2 Recommendation ………50
References ……………………..51
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Livestock industry in Nigeria is ridden with myriad of problems, which have resulted to a gross shortage of meat and other animal products (Nworgu, 2002). The animal protein intake shortages in Nigeria observed in the early 1970s has progressively worsened till date.
The protein intake of an average Nigerian is about 53.8g with only 6.0 – 8.4g per caput per day of animal origin (Egbunike, 1997). CBN (2003) revealed that North America, Western and Eastern European countries consume 66, 39 and 33g of animal protein per head per day respectively; while an average Nigerian consumes 7.5g which is below the recommended level of 27g per caput per day.
The sub-optimal consumption of animal protein by a large percentage of Nigerian population has challenged not only livestock farmers, but also researchers and policy makers.
Poultry industry is one of the major sources of animal protein and offers the potential for bridging the protein deficiency gap existing in the country.
However, the inadequate supply of several grains and protein concentrates for poultry feeding and the keen competition between man and animal for same have become the major obstacle in poultry industry development in Nigeria (PAN, 1985; Ologhobo, 1992).
Feed constitute the dominant input in animal production ranging from 65- 75% of the total cost of production. Similarly, feed ingredients account for over 90% of compound feed industry.
Therefore, the relationship between feed ingredient and animal product output is both direct and obvious.
REFERENCES
Abasiekong, S.F. (1997). Effects of termite culture on crude protein, fat and crude fibre contents of fibrous harvest residues. Bio-resource Tech., 62: 55–57.
Aduku, A.O. (1993). Tropical feedstuff analysis table. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Pp. 4.
Agbagha, F. M., Ezema F.U. and Omeke, B.C.O. (2000). Studies of management effects on fertility of purebred and crossbred exotic gilts in two breeding farms at Nsukka. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production. 28(1) Pg 20.
Akinusi, O. (1999). Utilization of rice milling in cockerel finisher ration. Proc. 25th Annual NSAP Conf. 21–25 March, 1999. Ilorin. Pg 120–122.
Amaefule, K.U., Ihukwumere, F.C., Lawal, A.S. and Ezekwonna, A.A. (2006). The effect of treated rice milling waste on performance, nutrient retention, carcass and organ characteristics of finisher broilers. International journal of poultry Science 5(1): 51–55.