Theoretical and Computational Modeling of the Effects of Electromagnetic Field on the Plasmodium Falciparum.
Abstract
The study explores the potential effects of the remote application of cyclic magnetic field to the female anopheles mosquitoes that carry malaria parasites.
The goal is to develop a theoretical basis that can guide the cyclic activation of the magnetic field to induce the inactivity of the malaria parasite without killing the mosquitoes.
The model considers the hemozoin within the malaria parasite as a cluster of magnetic nanoparticels. The potential effects of the applied magnetic field are then considered within a thermodynamic frame framework.
The induced heat generated is computed implicitly within a combined analytical and computation approach. From our numerical analysis, we noticed that, an increase in the frequency with a strong magnetic field causes heating of the magnetic nanoparticles.
Experimentally, in a magnetic field induction of 0.3 T, the protein in the heme acquire enough energy to survive at a temperature of 24oC with a frequency of 4.2 kHz and the volumetric power dissipated of 956.6890W/m3 in 300 s window. A numerical simulation based on finite element scheme was employed to reaffirm this analysis.
At a maximum temperature of 42oC, for 900s steady state, the bonds in the particle begin to break off destroying their tertiary structure as a result of the thermal agitation in a form of collision thereby losing it ability to stay inside the chamber.
Table Of Contents
Abstract……… i
List of Symbols………. i
List of Figures……… iii
Chapter one
- Background and Introduction…………………….. 1
- Alternative Approach………………. 2
- Objectives and Scope of Thesis……….. 3
Chapter Two
- Literature Review…………………. 5
- Life Stage of the Plasmodium Parasite………… 5
- Hemoglobin Degradation……. 5
- Heme Polymerization………….. 6
- Malaria Parasite…………. 7
- Hemozoin………………………………. 7
- Oscillation of the Hemozoin…………………………… 8
- Hysteresis…………….. 8
- Magnetic Field……………………………. 9
- Magnetic Materials……………………… 10
- Basic Concepts of Magnetic Field………… 11
- Magnetic Induction………………………… 13
- Forces in Magnetic Field…………… 14
- Consequences of Magnetic Force……………………….. 14
- Magnetic Particle………………………… 15
2.5.1 Effects of Heat on Magnetic Nanoparticle……………… 16
Chapter Three
- Cyclic Electromagnetic Field………….. 17
3.1.2 Heat Generation…………… 17
- Models………………… 18
- Analytical Method……….. 20
- Numerical method……………….. 21
- Analysis…………….. 23
- The Heme as Magnetic Nanoparticle………….. 23
- Nanoparticle Heating………………. 24
- Mechanism………………………. 27
- Power Dissipation…………………. 28
- Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Heme………….. 29
- Effects of pH on Hemozoin………… 31
- Molecular Diffusion……….. 31
- Forces of Attraction……… 33
Chapter Four
4.1 Numerical Calculation on the Power Dissipation of Magnetic Field…….. 36
- Comparison of Experimental and Simulation Results of the Survival of 36
- Random Nature of the Particle within their body Temperature…………… 37
- Molecular Diffusion Using Fick’s Law……………… 38
- Temperature Rise of the Magnetic Field for Higher Exposure Time……… 39
- Membrane Rapture and Heme Denature….. 39
- Effects of Temperature with Varying Magnetic Field Induction…. 42
- Temperature Distribution……… 44
- Discursion on FEM……. 45
- Discussion on the Field……. 45
- Collapse of the membrane of the Hemozoin……. 45
Chapter five
Conclusion and Recommandation….. 46
Introduction
Background Of Study
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 250 million people were infected annual with malaria. This result in approximately 10 million death annual [1] with over 300.000 Nigerian being infected each year[2].
In 2000, 91% of death in Africa is as a result of malaria infection, out of which 85% are children under the age of 5 years [3]. This results in 35 countries responsible for the majority of death in world -wide.
Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Tanzania are five main contributors of death as result of malaria infection. WHO estimated that 50% of global death and 47% cases are from those countries [4].
The average number of work days lost per malaria episode in a household was found to be 16 days in agrarian household and 15 days in non-agricultural segment.
The figure below illustrate the average number of days of work loss of the adult in Africa.
In most cases, the effort to treat malaria have relied on the use of drugs such as combination therapies of artemisinin and established malaria drugs such as those of the quinoline family [45].
However, these drugs are relatively expensive [48] and well beyond the reach of the people living on less than $1-2/day.
Furthermore, although the use of insecticide-treated nets has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of malaria [4], there are still major concerns about the potential for malaria infection in areas with relatively high levels of female anopheles mosquitoes.
References
Kondrachine A.V Malaria in WHO Southeast Asia Region India J Malarial, 1992
Olufunke A. Alaba Olumuyiwa B. Alaba , Malaria in Rural Nigeria: Implications for the Millennium Development
WHO Global Malaria Programme WORLD MALARIA REPORT, 2010
Global Malaria Action Plan
Solomon O. Abiola, Helmholtz Coil Design for Non-Invasive Detection and Apoptosis of Breast Cancer and Malaria Parsites, via F e2O3, F e3O4 Nanoparticles and Hemin.
Bupa’s Health Information Team, Malaria- the disease, March