– Comparative Evaluation of Antibody Production In Broilers Vaccinated With Newcastle Disease Vaccines In Kano Metropolis, Nigeria –
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ABSTRACT
The (ND) in Nigeria is high and is a persistent cause of mortality and (or) morbidity among vaccinated chickens causing huge economic losses.
This study was carried out to evaluate the persistence of (MDA) against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), thermo-stability of the test vaccines, comparative analysis of humoral immune response against four La Sota NDV vaccines as well as the effect of time with respect to vaccination schedule.
In study group I; four experimental groups A, B, C and D each which consisted of 10 birds were vaccinated with corresponding vaccines on day 14 (primer) and 28(booster) and group E of 10 birds was maintained as unvaccinated control.
Serum samples collected from five randomly selected birds among the vaccinated groups on day 17, 21, 24, 28and 35 and from the unvaccinated group E on day 1, 3, 10, 14, 24, 28 and 35 were subjected to haemaglutination inhibition (HI) titre test.
Study group II; two experimental groups i and ii consisted of 10 birds each primed on day 14 and boosted on day 35 with vaccines A and B. Serum samples were obtained on day 17, 21, 28 35 and 42 and HI titre measured.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables xii
List of Plates xiii
List of Appendices xiv
Abbreviations and Symbols xv
Abstract xviii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem 2
1.3 Justification 4
1.4 Aim 5
1.5 Objectives 5
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review 7
2.1 Newcastle Disease 7
2.2 Classification of ND Virus 8
2.3 Genomic Structure of ND Virus 10
2.4 Molecular Basis for Pathogenicity 12
2.5 Isolation of ND Virus 14
2.6 Occurrence of ND 14
2.7 Newcastle Disease Distribution in Humans 15
2.8 Newcastle Disease in Poultry 15
2.8.1 Age Susceptibility 16
2.8.2 Species Susceptibility 16
2.8.3 Breed susceptibility 17
2.9 Clinical Signs and Symptoms 18
2.9.1 Viscerotropic Velogenic ND 19
2.9.2 Neurotropic Velogenic ND 19
2.9.3 Mesogenic ND 19
2.9.4 Lentogenic ND 20
2.9.5 Asymptomatic enteric ND 20
2.10 Incubation Period 20
2.11 Pathology of the Disease 20
2.11.1 Common Lesions and Post-mortem Findings 20
2.11.2 Microscopic Lesions 21
2.12 Newcastle Disease Diagnosis 21
2.12.1 Identification of the Virus 22
2.13 Molecular Techniques in Diagnosis 26
2.14 Serological Tests 28
2.14.1 Heamagglutination and Heamagglutination-inhibition tests 29
2.14.2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 29
2.14.2.3Monoclonal Antibodies 30
2.15 The Newcastle Disease Vaccine 31
2.15.1 Safety in the Use of ND Vaccines 32
2.15.2 Reverse Genetics System in ND Vaccine Production 33
2.15.3 ND Virus as a Vaccine Vector 35
2.16 The Research ND La Sota Vaccines 36
2.17 Newcastle Disease Virus Reservoir 37
2.17.1 Sources of virus 37
2.17.2 Recycling of Infection within Flocks 37
2.17.3 Spread of NDV 38
2.18 ND Prevention and Control 39
2.19 Treatment of Newcastle Disease 41
2.20 Situation of ND in Nigeria 41
Chapter Three
3.0 Materials and methods 44
3.1 The Study Area 44
3.2 The Study Birds 44
3.3 The Control Virus 44
3.4 Study Design 45
3.5 Collection of Blood Sample 45
3.6 Serology 45
3.6.1 Preparation of 1% (v/v) washed chicken erythrocyte 45
3.6.2 Haemagglutination (HA) Test 46
3.6.3 Haemagglutination – Inhibition Test 47
3.7 Experimental Parameters 48
3.7.1 Persistence of Maternal Antibodies 48
3.7.2 Potency test 48
3.7.3 Test for Thermostability 48
3.7.4 Efficacy tests 48
3.7.5 Effect of time on vaccination schedule 49
3.7.6 Survivability 49
3.8 Data Analysis 49
Chapter Four
4.0 Results 50
4.1 Persistence of Maternally derived antibody (MDA) 50
4.2 Potency Test of four live NDV La Sota vaccines commercially sold in
Kano State using HA test method 50
4.3 Thermostability of the Vaccines 51
4.4 Comparative Haemagglutination Inhibition Titre of Chickens following Vaccination with four different brands of NDV La Sota Vaccine 55
4.5 Effects of Time with Respect to Vaccination Schedule 57
4.6 Morbidity and Mortality Rate among the Different Study Groups 57
Chapter Five 67
5.0 Discussion 67
Chapter Six
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 75
6.0 Conclusion 75
6.1 Recommendation 76
References 77
Appendices 114
INTRODUCTION
Background
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a viral disease of poultry. Mayo (2002) described the causative agent;Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a member of the genus Avulavirus.
It can present as a superacute, acute and sometimes sub-clinical contagious disease of poultry (Health et al., 1991).
takes place through direct contact with secretions of infected birds; principally via ingestion (feacal/oral route) and inhalation; fomites (feed, water, implements, sacks among others);
hatching chicks may be infected through eggs for some ND virus strain but there is no clear evidence of the role of flies in mechanical transmission of the infective ND virus(Anon, 2013).
Three have been recorded and it is present in all continents except Antarctica (Alexander, 2003).
Spradbrow (1999) described Epizootic and as non-self-limiting event that can smolder for several months and even years in atypical village housing one or two thousand birds.
REFERENCES
Abdu, P.A., Bawa, E.K., Umoh, J.U. and Sa‟idu, L. (2005). Factors that contribute toNewcastle Disease, Infectious Bursal Disease and Fowl Pox Outbreaks in VaccinatedChickens.
Abdu, P.A., Mera, U.M. and Sa‟idu, L. (1992). A study of Chicken mortality in Zaria,Nigeria. Proceedings of National workshop on livestock and veterinary services, held atthe National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, 11th– 14th August, pp 51-55.
Abdu, P.A., Sa‟idu, L. and George, B.D.J. (2002).Diseases of local poultry in Nigeria.Discovery and Innovation, 14:1-2.
Adair, B.M., McNulty, M.S., Todd, D., Connor T.J. and Burns K. (1989). Quantitativeestimation of Newcastle Disease Virus antibody levels in Chickens and Turkeys byEnyme-linked Immunosorbent assay. Avian Pathology, 18: 175-192.
Alamares, J.G., Elankumaran, S., Samal, S.K. and Iorio, R.M. (2010). The interferonantagonistic activities of the V-proteins from two strains of Newcastle Disease Viruscorrelate with their known virulence properties. Virus Research, 147(1): 153-157.